As for MCU crack, hardware security in microcontrollers is being constantly improved. Because the tools for microcontroller crack are becoming more sophisticated, better and better security protection is required. Rapid co-evolution is driven by this continuous battle between chip manufacturers and chip attackers.
Another threat that must be considered is that a great deal of second-hand semiconductor manufacturing and testing equipment appears on the market. It cannot be used to crack high-end MCUs, but should be enough to crack MCU chips manufactured with older technology. For example, while 90 nm manufacturing technology is currently leading-edge, most MCUs are produced with 0.35 µm technology and smartcards with 0.25 µm technology.