IC reverse engineering are becoming more sophisticated, better and better security protection is required. Rapid co-evolution is driven by this continuous battle between chip manufacturers and IC attackers. Another threat that must be considered is that a great deal of second-hand semiconductor manufacturing and testing equipment appears on the market. It cannot be used to attack high-end products, but should be enough to break IC chips manufactured with older technology. For example, while 90 nm manufacturing technology is currently leading-edge, most microcontrollers are produced with 0.35 µm technology and smartcards with 0.25 µm technology.