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ATMEL ATMEGA48 Microprocessor Binary Cloning including recover microcontroller atmega48 program from its flash memory and eeprom memory, then read out embeded firmware from MCU atmega48 chip;

The calibrated internal RC Oscillator provides a fixed 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, or 8.0MHz clock. All frequencies are nominal values at 5V and 25°C. This clock may be selected as the system clock by programming the CKSEL Fuses as shown in below Table.

If selected, it will operate with no external components. The CKOPT Fuse should always be unprogrammed when using this clock option by breaking microcontroller avr chip atmega48pa. During reset, hardware loads the 1MHz calibration byte into the OSC- CAL Register and thereby automatically calibrates the RC Oscillator.

At 5V, 25°C and 1.0MHz Oscillator frequency selected, this calibration gives a frequency within ± 3% of the nominal frequency. Using run-time calibration meth- ods as described in application notes available at www.microchip.com it is possible to achieve ± 1% accuracy at any given VCC and Temperature.

When this Oscillator is used as the chip clock, the Watchdog Oscillator will still be used for the Watchdog Timer and for the Reset Time-out.

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